
It’s honestly complicated. “Freezing” usually implies that they were held in US accounts, but that wasn’t the case for some of this money - some of this works by saying “if you give them dollars you’re violating US sanctions and we’ll kick you out of the US financial system”. South Korea bought oil from Iran and owes them $6B. Iran doesn’t want KRW, and the US told SK if they paid in USD, whatever bank conducted the transaction would be violating sanctions and cut off from the US financial…
There’s another $14B that’s held in Iraq and this is a bit of a weird case. https://money.usnews.com/investing/news/articles/2026-01-23/explainer-how-the-u-s-controls-iraqs-oil-revenues Because of the system explained better in that link, Iraq’s money is essentially controlled by the NY Fed. When they export oil, people send money to their account in NY. When Iraq needs real cash, it’s apparently airlifted to Baghdad 💀 so Iraq has no money (besides dinars, which are USD-backed)…
…to actually pay people with directly, unless they want the US to cut them off (most of their USD is in the US, and USD backs their own currency). Iran sells natural gas and electricity to Iraq, and Iraq owes them money, but it’s all sitting in NY rn because the government won’t let them pay Iran