
Any attempts to enforce stuff like this ends up excluding people, and there are still major legal battles going on about who legally counts as Native American. But really ethnicity is a social construct and there’s no concrete way to define it. Historically some tribes based membership off of culture and would adopt people (including white people) into their tribes, while others had strict patrilineal or matrilineal rules.
What makes this particularly fraught in the modern day is how many native kids were adopted (sometimes forcibly) to white families and afterwards attempted to reconnect with their tribes. So it’s not easy enough to say “if you were raised in the tribe” AND furthermore the US government legally requires blood ancestry to be a member of a tribe (usually from the Dawes Rolls of the 1920s which excludes many native people)
That’s very interesting, when I drove through Oklahoma I was very happy to see signs in the Cherokee language. Honestly after what’s been done to them i won’t fault them for trying to conserve their ethnicity from becoming mixed with white. The concept of xenophobia being bad is a western concept
it’s important to remember that the Latin American population of North America is increasing more than the non-Hispanic white population. So statistically, indigenous-descended Latin Americans are going to keep becoming more and more common marriage partners for indigenous North Americans. They won’t look quite like their native ancestors, but increasingly native ancestry is going to be evident in the American population.
I think for indigenous North Americans it’ll be a case by case basis and depend on the specific community. A lot of indigenous groups in the mid-Atlantic are already very ethnically mixed and are now black-white-native. While a lot of native cultures in the southwest were partially Hispanized in the colonial era and continue to integrate with new Hispanic immigrants.
A lot of the very rural areas like in Alaska or northern Canada are probably going to stay pretty darn indigenous. There’s just not a lot of white people living out there. Though this could change if exploitation of the Arctic increases, and if the younger generation continues to move towards cities.
And a lot of tribes have “blood quantum” where you are only allowed to be a member if you’re more than a certain ancestry percentage from that tribe. This disincentivizes marrying outside the tribe. But if native groups become more economically stable and people don’t rely as much on tribal welfare services, that will matter less.
The Cherokee of Oklahoma are actually one of the tribes that doesn’t require a blood quantum. That’s why their membership is so large, a lot of that is mixed ethnicity people. The primary controversy regarding the Cherokee and membership is actually that for decades they were excluding the descendants of their black slaves (known as Cherokee Freedmen) from tribal membership (hence also from tribal healthcare and welfare). They partially amended this in 2021 (though still rely on the Dawes Rolls)
The five main tribes affected by the trail of tears (Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, creek) had black slaves and brought them with them to Oklahoma. This is partially why Americans called them the “five civilized tribes,” they had adopted American practices including chattel slavery. Everyone except the Cherokee still excludes Freedmen.